The World 19
Turkey 20
What is to be done? 21
What is democratisation? 22
Scope and outline 24
PART ONE: POLITICAL DIMENSIONS 27
I) Political Parties 29
1) Scope of the law (LPP, Art. 2) 29
2) Definition of a political party (LPP, Art. 3) 30
3) Indispensability and nature of political parties (LPP, Art. 4) 31
4) Right to become a member and to resign from membership (LPP, Art. 6) 32
5) Organisation of political parties (LPP, Art. 7) 33
6) Formation of political parties (LPP, Art. 8) 35
7) Supervision of the formation of political parties by the Chief Public
Prosecutor (LPP Art. 8/final p. and Art. 9) 37
8) Register of political parties (LPP, Art. 10) 37
9) Becoming a member of a political party (LPP, Art. 11) 39
10) Central, provincial and district organisations (LPP, Art. 13 21) 41
11) Designation of party candidates (LPP, Art. 37) 42
12) Prohibitions (LPP, Art. 78 to 97) 43
- Those concerning the protection of the democratic state order 43
- Protection of independence 44
- Prevention of the creation of minorities 45
- Protection of the status of the Department of Religious Affairs 46
- Restrictions on the statutes and programmes and on party activities 48
- Ban on auxiliary bodies 49
- Ban on political relations and cooperation with associations,
trade unions, foundations, cooperatives and professional bodies
49
- Status of the members of political parties dissolved permanently 50
- Party names and insignia that cannot be used 50
- Ban on statements and actions against the military takeover of
12 September 1980
52
- What should be the regime on the bans? What is the ideal solution? 52
13) Dissolution of political parties (LPP, Art. 98 to 108) 53
II) Elections 54
1) Principles of democratic elections 54
2) Electoral system 57
III) The Grand National Assembly of Turkey 61
1) Composition (Cons., Art. 75) 61
2) Conditions of eligibility (Cons., Art. 76) 62
3) Election term of the GNAT (Cons., Art. 77) 64
4) Deferment of elections to the GNAT and by-elections (Cons., Art. 78) 64
5) Oath-taking (Cons., Art. 81) 65
6) Activities incompatible with membership (Cons., Art. 82) 66
7) Parliamentary immunities (Cons., Art. 83) 68
a) Parliamentary irresponsibility 69
b) Parliamentary inviolability 70
8) Loss of membership (Cons., Art. 84) 74
9) Duties and powers of the GNAT (Cons., Art. 87) 76
10) Authorisation to enact decrees having force of law (Cons., Art. 91) 76
11) Bureau of the Assembly (Cons., Art. 94) 78
12) Rules of Procedure (Cons., Art. 95) 79
13) Quorums required for sessions and decisions (Cons., Art. 96) 79
14) Parliamentary inquiries (Cons., Art. 98/3; Rules of Procedure, Art. 105) 80
15) Parliamentary investigation (Cons., Art. 100; Rules of Procedure, Art. 111) 81
IV) The System of Government 81
1) Debate on the presidential system 81
2) Revising the system 84
V) The Issue of Civilianisation 87
1) Office of the Chief of the General Staff (Cons., Art. 117) 87
2) National Security Council (Cons., Art. 118) 88
VI) Public Administration 91
1) Election 92
2) Participation 94
3) Transparency 95
4) State of emergency 97
PART TWO: HUMAN RIGHTS 101
I) General Principles 103
1) The Preamble 103
2) Restriction of fundamental rights and freedoms (Cons., Art. 13) 105
3) Prohibition of abuse of fundamental rights and freedoms (Cons., Art. 14) 108
4) Suspension of the exercise of fundamental rights and freedoms
(Cons., Art. 15) 109
II) Personal Inviolability, Liberty and Security 110
1) The right to life and the death penalty 110
2) Excesses of the security forces 111
3) Torture 115
4) Personal inviolability and security vetting 117
5) Arrest and detention 119
6) Detention on remand 123
III) Intellectual Freedoms 125
1) Freedoms of religion 125
a) Freedom of belief 125
b) Freedom of worship 126
c) Religious education 127
2) Freedom of thought and "crimes of thought" 132
3) Freedom of science and arts 137
4) Freedoms of mass media 142
a) Freedom of press and publication 142
b) Freedom of audio-visual communication 151
IV) Collective Freedoms 154
1) Freedom of association 154
2) Freedom of meeting and demonstration marches 155
3) Trade union freedoms 162
V) The Kurdish Question 169
1) Personal names 170
2) Names of places of settlement 170
3) Language prohibitions 171
4) Citizenship 172
5) What is "mother tongue"? 172
6) Freedom of expression 174
7) Press, publications and art products 174
8) Activities of associations 175
9) Radio and TV broadcasts 175
10) Political parties 176
PART THREE: STATE OF LAW 177
I) Freedom to Claim Rights 179
1) Recourse to administrative jurisdiction 180
2) Recourse to constitutional jurisdiction 182
3) Appeal to judicial jurisdiction 185
II) Issues of Judicial Review 186
1) Administrative jurisdiction 186
2) Constitutional jurisdiction 191
III) Independence, Impartiality and Guarantees 194
1) In general 194
2) Supreme Council of Judges and Public Prosecutors 196
3) Some other administrative and organisational issues 199
4) Military jurisdiction 200
5) Mission sought to be imposed on judge 201
IV) General Proposals 202
1) With regard to the administrative jurisdiction 202
2) With regard to the constitutional jurisdiction 203
3) With regard to the independence and guarantees of the judiciary 203
